Homosexual Or Heterosexual Teens, adolescents in grades 9 through 12 A longitudinal report of 156 gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths examined changes in sexual identity over time. Suicide attempts among As with all adolescents, the overall goals in the care of homosexual youth are to promote normal adolescent development, social and emotional well-being, and physical health. LGBTQ+ stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (or queer). Those who report being unsure of their identity often later Although female same-sexuality is counter-normative, female adolescents (both heterosexual and those with SSSO) generally experience less rigid expectations and pressures The prevalence of asexual identity was consistent across grades. 7% identifying as lesbian and 11. This refers to the sex, or gender, of people you are sexuall Being straight, gay, bisexual, or asexual isn’t something that a person chooses. Youth have adopted a variety of terms to describe their sexual identities, including those extending Sexual orientations can include heterosexual (straight), lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, asexual, and other orientations. Those who report CDC's 2023 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data show substantial health disparities among LGBTQ+ students. But many lesbian, gay, and bisexual teens who come out to their At What Age Do Kids “Know”? Knowing one’s sexual orientation — whether straight or gay — is often something that kids or teens recognize with little doubt from a At What Age Do Kids “Know”? Knowing one’s sexual orientation — whether straight or gay — is often something that kids or teens recognize with little doubt from a Some gay teens say they had same-sex crushes in childhood, just as their heterosexual peers had opposite-sex crushes. Avoid the offensive term “sexual preference,” What’s more, the growth in LGBTQ identity is primarily being driven by an increase of bisexuality, it’s not due to more gay and lesbian people coming The objective of this study was to examine parasocial relationships among a relationally vulnerable population by surveying lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents (n = 106). Meanwhile, sexual orientation is who you are attracted to, and can range from being straight/heterosexual to being gay or anything on the spectrum. g. In a Heterosexual and gay/lesbian respondents were largely stable while those who reported their identity as “Other” or did not disclose had the highest A record-breaking number of gay and bisexual teenage boys are out to their parents. "Binary" is the idea that there are only two genders, male and female. 4% of young INTRODUCTION Youth who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, questioning, or other non-heterosexual identity (LGBQ+) are resilient1 and diverse, representing every racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic For example, some people who initially identify as bisexual later identify as gay/lesbian, mostly heterosexual, or completely heterosexual. When looking back, The objective of this study is to explore the inclusiveness of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) adolescents in junior high school from the perspective of LGBTQ All About Being LGBTQ+ LGBTQ+ stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (or queer). Second, same-sex sexual behavior increased among all non-heterosexual female youth as well as among gay male youth. 1 If LGB adolescents are also more Teens who identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual have higher rates of pregnancy involvement than heterosexual teens [21]. ncbi. The survey measured sexual Dickson et al. In We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. ) consistently find that sexual minority adolescents (e. To better understand the coming out experiences of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender adults, we asked them: How old they were when they Sexual orientation, including heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality, can be complicated to understand! Get in here to get answers to your However, Savin-Williams and Ream also noted that as some gay, lesbian and bisexual adolescents shifted to opposite-gender attractions, behavior, or heterosexual self-labels, a larger absolute number Stay informed and learn how to support vulnerable LGBTQ+ youth through mental health facts and suicide risk factors from The Trevor Project. Sex differences in these phenomena were absent or small. There can be a lot of pressure placed on young people by friends, family and society to identify as ‘straight’ or According to a report by trend forecasting agency J. This study examined suicide risks among four distinct sexual identity–behavior profiles of youth: heterosexual with other-sex partners only, heterosexual with any same-sex partners, lesbian Youth selecting multiple identities or youth for whom sex assigned at birth was incongruent with their reported gender identity were also coded as GDY. Sexual orientation is usually construed in terms of attraction to the same or The majority of transgender persons are heterosexual in their sexual orientation but may identify as homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual, or asexual. In Teenagers Coming Out: Stage 1 – Feelings When teenagers are coming out, most feel like they are "different" from other kids. Because LGBT youth experience more negative sexual-health outcomes than their heterosexual peers, they would especially benefit from Exploring your sexual orientation and/or gender identity can bring up a lot of feelings and questions. nih. Walter Thompson Innovation Group, only 48 percent of Gen Zs identify as exclusively heterosexual, compared to 65 percent of millennials We found that most adolescents having sexual activities of low-to-moderate intensity with same-sex individuals also had them with other-sex individuals, and adolescents having other-sex At the time, research rarely included measures of sexual orientation in research with adolescents, and when measures were included, they often Queer: A term used by some people whose sexual orientation is not exclusively heterosexual (e. However, they often turn to the gay and Adolescent health care providers frequently care for patients who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgendered (LGBT), or who may be struggling with or questioning their sexual Regional studies in the United States (U. Third, within sexual minority youth sub-populations who had engaged in Heterosexual, or mostly attracted to the opposite gender identity and may call themselves straight. Fifty-seven percent of the youths remained consistently self-identified as gay/lesbian, 18% Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior between people of the same sex or gender. This privacy means you don’t need to tell your parents if you talk to a health worker Cornell University, carrying out research into sexuality amongst a representative sample of more than 20,000 young Americans, published that 14. (2013) provided response items of heterosexual, homosexual, lesbian or gay, bisexual, and other. Inside this handbook, we will work together to explore your identity, Studies have shown that these teens may suffer more psychological distress, victimization, physical threats and violence than heterosexual youth. By middle school, as they enter adolescence, many gay teens already One in four high school students identifies as homosexual, bisexual or is currently questioning their sexuality, according to new data from the Centers for We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. For straight youth, In summary, gay and lesbian populations face significant mental health disparities compared to their heterosexual counterparts. Here are some of the most common types of sexual orientation your teen may be exploring: Heterosexual Heterosexual, also known colloquially as Some teens who identified as heterosexual reported having some attraction to same sex or engaging in same-sex sexual behaviour LGBT youth face the same challenges as their heterosexual peers, but also stigma that may contribute to the identified disparities in health status between sexual- and gender-minority youth and The HRC 2023 LGBTQ Youth Report features responses from 12,615 young people aged 13-18 who identify broadly as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, Some gay teens say they had same-sex crushes in childhood, just as their heterosexual peers had opposite-sex crushes. It remains to be determined whether the trajectory Whether your loved ones are gay, lesbian, pansexual, heterosexual, or something else, learning the proper terminology can ensure that you’re better Heterosexual (straight)—describes a person who is attracted only or almost only to the "other" gender. e. Cishet: An abbreviated term for someone who identifies as cisgender and heterosexual. You may already know what your sexual orientation is, or you might be figuring it out — both are totally Sexuality can be a tricky topic for many young people. 7% in 2009. 5 percent of high school students identified as heterosexual, the CDC’s Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) found. People don't pick their sexual orientation any more than they choose their height or eye color. By middle school, as they enter adolescence, many gay teens already The prevalence of HIV and other STDs remains high among adolescents and young adults,1 and clinicians’ reports suggest that even youth who abstain from vaginal intercourse have During adolescence, teens learn to relate to their peers as friends and potential romantic or sexual partners. Sexual orientation is separate from gender identity and from gender expression (how people express The relationship between biology and sexual orientation is a subject of ongoing research. Heteronormativity has been linked to heterosexism and homophobia, [1][4] and the The purpose of this study was to investigate age-related differences in adolescents' and young adults' beliefs and attitudes about homosexuality and the treatment of gay and lesbian peers. , self-identication fi as lesbian, gay, Second, same-sex sexual behavior increased among all non-heterosexual female youth as well as among gay male youth. A recent Northwestern Medicine comparative analysis of national survey results found that one in four U. gov We sought to assess recent trends in both sex of sex partners and sexual identity among US adolescents. 1 – 6 Same-gender orientation is independently Compared with gay and lesbian respondents, 17 % fewer bisexuals disclosed to a family member and 10 % fewer disclosed to a heterosexual friend. 1 If LGB adolescents are also more likely to develop risky health A lot of folks out there find the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual somewhat limiting, and sometimes even degrading. Results. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and questioning youth are more likely than their heterosexual peers to plan and attempt suicide. Youth indicated their sexual identity as “asexual,” Heterosexual: a medical definition for a person who is sexually, romantically, aesthetically, sensually, emotionally, and/or intellectually attracted to members of the opposite biological sex. But research shows that sexual orientation is likely caused partly by biological factors Given the social stigma associated with homosexual-ity and the normative nature of heterosexuality, youth may commonly engage in heterosexual activity prior to experimentation with same-sex sexual Nearly 25% of U. There are different kinds of sexual orientation. People can be celibate and still know their sexual orientation—be it lesbian, gay, The American Academy of Pediatrics issued its first statement on homosexuality and adolescents in 1983, with a revision in 1993. Using seven electronic More teens in the United States are reporting their sexual identity as gay, lesbian or bisexual, nationwide surveys show. , queer person, queer woman). Gender The study found that LGB adolescents are more than twice as likely to attempt suicide, plan a suicide attempt and endure suicidal thoughts than their Increasing the understanding of gender identity, sexual orientation, lesbian and gay parenting, heterosexual bias and more through publications, policy statements, Lesbian, gay and bisexual adolescents and young adults present significant differences compared with their heterosexual peers in relation to mechanisms by Advice for parents and carers on how to support their child if they've come out or are questioning their sexuality or sexual orientation. These For example, some people who initially identify as bisexual later identify as gay/lesbian, mostly heterosexual, or completely heterosexual. Nevertheless, an analysis by J. These findings suggest that many adolescents have low-intensity nonexclusive sexual behaviors. These A total of 9 percent of U. Lacking in this literature is thorough consideration of the Some gay teens say they had same-sex crushes in childhood, just as their heterosexual peers had opposite-sex crushes. The minority stress and Sexual orientation refers to the predominant focus of sexual attraction. Homosexuality has existed in all civilizations, but societal disapproval and cultural taboos have negatively influenced its recognition. Reports on the According to the National Education Association (NEA), sexual orientation is an identity based on whether someone is attracted to people of a sex different than Many heterosexual youth have sexual experiences with persons of the same sex, and many homosexual youth with persons of the opposite sex. Most youth identified as heterosexual across the transition to adulthood Many adolescents who self-report as lesbian will still occasionally have sex with males, and many males who self-report as gay may have sex with females; behaviors do not equal identity. A comprehensive, In the vast majority of cases these homosexual encounters do not predispose to later obligatory homosexuality, but appear to be a common exploratory behavior en route to conventional Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents are at higher risk for stigma and discrimination than their heterosexual (straight) counterparts. Because of this, some gay and lesbian teens may feel different from their friends when the heterosexual people around them start talking about romantic feelings, sexual health of lesbian/gay youth, bisexual youth, and heterosexual youth (see Table 1). S. Find out more about what these labels mean, and Terms for sexual orientation Some examples of sexual orientation are lesbian, gay, heterosexual, straight, asexual, bisexual, queer, polysexual, and pansexual (also Terms for sexual orientation Some examples of sexual orientation are lesbian, gay, heterosexual, straight, asexual, bisexual, queer, polysexual, and pansexual (also Heterosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior between people of the opposite sex or gender. 2 Of all the suicide attempts made by youth, Studies show that the response of youth to self-awareness ranges from relief and joy to depression and self-destructive behavior while manifestations of violence and harassment caused by At the time, research rarely included measures of sexual orientation in research with adolescents, and when measures were included, they often assumed a binary sexual orientation: straight or gay. The dispari-ties found in previous research were confirmed. Sexuality refers to how you feel and act in terms of sex. A Overview Sexual orientation Sexual orientation means how you are attracted romantically and sexually to other people. Additionally, the CDC report found great dispari-ties Despite these and other possibilities, a pattern is expected to eventually emerge in which the individual’s sexual attractions, sexual behaviors, and sexual identity (i. Teens have a right to private and confidential health care, including mental health support and counselling. adults aged 18-64 identify as homosexual or bisexual, while another 1 percent prefer pansexual as their self-identification. Typically, for those Some gay teens say they had same-sex crushes in childhood, just as their heterosexual peers had opposite-sex crushes. Sexual orientation is different from gender and gender identity. Sexual As with all adolescents, the overall goals in the care of homosexual youth are to promote normal adolescent development, social and emotional well-being, and physical health. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the risk of attempted suicide among homosexual, bisexual, and transgender youths compared with There is no consensus among scientists about the exact reasons that an individual develops a heterosexual, bisexual, gay, or lesbian orientation. Sex, dating, passionate friendships, and romance: Intimate peer relationships among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents The development of romantic relationships in adolescence For models of unwanted sex, we compared teenagers reporting first same-sex genital contact with teenagers reporting heterosexual intercourse only. They are simply considered It’s important to recognize that sexual orientation is a spectrum and can include identities such as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, pansexual, or Compared with their heterosexual peers, lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youths report elevated rates of suicidal ideation and attempted suicide. These are students who identify as lesbian, For example, our use of write-in options and longer checklists of identity labels have enabled our team to determine that pansexual, queer, and asexual were the most Suicide is the third-leading cause of death among adolescents, with lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB+) youth facing a significantly higher risk of suicidal ideation and behaviors compared The working group that wrote the Resolution on Gender and Sexual Orientation Diversity in Children and Adolescents in Schools created these additional Sexual orientations include gay, lesbian, straight, bisexual, and asexual. For example, a person may be: The purpose of this study was to investigate age-related differences in adolescents’ and young adults’ beliefs and attitudes about homosexuality and the treatment of gay and lesbian peers. 6% We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. , self-identication fi as lesbian, gay, These patterns of emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction may arise without any prior sexual experience. While scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation, they The selected keywords were: “heterosexual behavior”, “sexual behavior”, “coital behavior”, “oral sex”, “number of sexual partners”, “adolescent”, It is important for parents of lesbian, gay, bisexual, a nd transgender (LGBT) teens to remember each child is unique and will have their own experiences and feelings Support for transgender rights lags that for gay rights, and it’s easier to be a young gay person than a young trans person, Using data from the 2020-2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), this study estimates the percentage and number of LGBT adults at the Disclosure of sexual orientation is a struggle for most gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents due to fears of discrimination, ostracism, and violence from others. In Identifying as straight or gay are the most well-known forms of monosexuality. Sexual orientation is about who you’re attracted to and who you feel The average age at Wave 1 was 15 years old and both genders were represented equally. Here are my very basic definitions of each. According to a Trevor Project 2023 Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents experience elevated levels of internalizing problems and use more substances than heterosexual adolescents. ) Sexual orientation can vary along a continuum; however, it is usually defined as being heterosexual (having emotional and physical attraction to someone of the In 2021, 75. By middle school, as they enter adolescence, many gay teens already For an LGBTQ person, heteronormativity is like humidity: It’s not always something we consciously register, but it’s something we can feel. Keywords: sexual orientation, sexual behavior, adolescence, CARTs, ALSPAC Sexual To better understand how LGBTQ adults identify, we asked respondents three separate questions: If they are gay or lesbian, bisexual, A person who is transgender can have any sexual orientation, like straight, gay, or bisexual. Here are my very Research shows that lesbian, gay, bi, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) teens are at increased risk of suicide and mental health issues like LGB youth are almost five times as likely to have attempted suicide compared to heterosexual youth. From However, research on sexual orientation has focused primarily on categorizing people based on whether they are attracted to a different gender In contrast, for a measure describing sexual orientation using the choices heterosexual, bisexual, gay/lesbian, or unsure, most teens preferred the answers “mostly heterosexual” and It is much easier to come out today as lesbian, gay, or bisexual than it was even just 10 years ago, let alone 20, 30, 40 or 50 years ago. Bisexual-identified adolescents were more likely to report multiple STI risk behaviors (number of sex partners, concurrent sex partners, and age of sexual debut) compared with heterosexual YMSW Heterosexual youth were likely to search for information on sexual pleasure and entertainment; in contrast, LGBQ + youth sought information to fill in knowledge gaps about non A majority of gay and bisexual Generation Z teenage boys report being out to their parents, part of an uptick in coming out among young people that Specifically, 40 percent of sexual-minority adolescents seriously considered suicide compared to 15 percent of their heterosexual counterparts, What is the prevalence of homosexuality in the US? The number often quoted is 10% of the population, but the real number is about 1. 1 If LGB adolescents are also more likely to develop risky health Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents are at higher risk for stigma and discrimination than their heterosexual (straight) counterparts. Cross Dresser: A word to describe a What causes sexual orientation? It’s not completely known why someone might be lesbian, gay, straight, or bisexual. Using seven electronic This article reviews research on changes in self-reported sexual orientation labels and associated health outcomes among adolescents and young adults. Often called a How Do You Know If You’re Gay, Straight, or Something in Between? Sex dreams Test How to tell Changes over time Underlying "cause" Sexual and A total of 9 percent of U. New data suggest it involves changes to more Got a question about dealing with your sexuality? WebMD answers teen's questions about homosexuality, bisexuality, and transgenderism. Differences in timing of disclosure were In the course of sexual identity development, adolescents often seek words to describe their identities. The purpose of this investigation is to describe Checking your browser before accessing pmc. This is a normal part of teen development. This report reflects the growing understanding of youth Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) Teens Frequently Asked Questions Overview Expand All What does LGBTQ mean? How common is it to be lesbian, gay, bisexual, As with all adolescents, the overall goals in the care of homosexual youth are to promote normal adolescent development, social and emotional well-being, and physical health. Furthermore, other-sex and same-sex sexual activities did not reliably distinguish between sexual orientation identities. students don’t identify as heterosexual, according to a report published Thursday by the Centers for Disease Control and Identity Disclosure Kimberly Fuller Youth are socialized from a young age through the lens of heteronormativity and cisnormativity, or the view that everyone is Although homosexual activity is prevalent among US teenagers, adolescent homosexuality per se has been a poorly understood phenomenon. A few studies also used “romantic partnering” and “sexual behavior” to capture sexual We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. American Journal of Psychiatry Sexual orientation describes who you’re attracted to. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Examples include a boy who wants to date mainly girls, or a trans girl who mostly has crushes on Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents are at higher risk for stigma and discrimination than their heterosexual (straight) counterparts. Being transgender does not imply any specific sexual orientation. Although much research has examined the These investigations of adolescent sexuality have generally focused on the development and experiences of heterosexual youths. Youth assigned female at birth (AFAB) were much more likely to identify as gay/lesbian, bisexual, asexual, pansexual, queer, Lesbian, gay and bisexual students are also twice as likely to experience suicidal thoughts, plan an attempt New research from the University A heteronormative view, therefore, involves alignment of biological sex, sexuality, gender identity and gender roles. Indeed, the prospect This trend continued in the 2021 survey, the release of which sparked a flurry of sensationalistic headlines such as “Number of teens who identify as LGBT skyrockets: CDC” (Kumar For models of sexual risk, we compared teenagers reporting bisexual behavior (heterosexual vaginal intercourse and same-sex genital contact) with teenagers reporting As more young people identify as bisexual, many people question whether this might just be a fad. Therefore, transgender people may identify as straight, gay, lesbian, bisexual, etc. This These women typically seemed to begin as exclusively heterosexual, transitioned to mostly heterosexual, and may be emerging as bisexual. Although much research has examined the absent or small. Individuals who identify as gay or lesbian also endure social oppression High school students who identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual are more likely to report planning or attempting suicide compared with their heterosexual peers, a new study finds. What should I keep in mind? Sexual orientation and gender identity are 2 different things. Gay, lesbian and bisexual teens Relatedly, heterosexual males more so than heterosexual females, are motivated to maintain rigid distinctions between themselves and homosexual individuals of the same gender—and In these theoretical views and empirical choices, the existence of heterosexual individuals with a small amount of same-sex sexuality is seldom doubted. From 2012-2021, the teen Gay, lesbian and bisexual youth have the same diversity of health care needs as heterosexual adolescents, including chronic illness, disabilities, sports injuries and even contraception. An additional 3. By middle school, as they enter adolescence, many gay teens already Recent changes in society's attitude toward homosexuality have helped some gay and lesbian teens feel more comfortable with their sexual An individual homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous. 3% volunteer another non The fundamental criticism of past work on the link between same-sex sexual orientation and adolescent suicidality has been the inadequacies of samples to enable generalization 10; most Some examples of sexual orientation are lesbian, gay, heterosexual, straight, asexual, bisexual, queer, polysexual, and pansexual (also called multisexual and Numerous studies have shown that lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth have a higher rate of suicide attempts than do heterosexual and cisgender youth. A comprehensive, Despite these and other possibilities, a pattern is expected to eventually emerge in which the individual’s sexual attractions, sexual behaviors, and sexual identity (i. , lesbian, gay, bisexual [LGB], and others who do not identify as completely heterosexual) engage in Regional studies in the United States (U. About a quarter (24. 3% as transgender. A new study, published in the Psychology of Sexual Orientation and In this study, 10th- (N = 119) and 12th- (N = 145) grade adolescents and college-aged young adults (N=86) completed a questionnaire assessing their beliefs and attitudes about homosexuality, their We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. For models of sexual risk, we compared Some studies examine self-reported data on same-sex sexual experiences, while other studies examine self-reported identification as homosexual, heterosexual or This article reviews research on changes in self-reported sexual orientation labels and associated health outcomes among adolescents and young adults. As a sexual orientation, heterosexuality is There is no consensus among scientists about the exact reasons that an individual develops a heterosexual, bisexual, gay, or lesbian orientation. [1][2][3] It also denotes identity based on Most adolescents realize that expression of homosexual feelings within the there tremen- dominant peer group, where is dous pressure to conform to heterosexual norms, will result in alienation from peers Most notably, the prevalence of suicidal thoughts and attempts among LGBQ+ high school students was greater than among heterosexual teens. Homosexual (gay, lesbian, In some situations, teens who are openly gay may risk facing more harassment than those who haven't revealed their sexual orientation. 5%) say they are gay, with 11. There are some related terms that may be confusing to understand: Sexual orientation. Michael Bailey and Many lesbian, gay and bisexual people have early heterosexual experiences, but are still lesbian, gay or bisexual; many avowed heterosexuals have had sexual contact with members of their own sex, but The percentage of sexual minority teens who reported attempting suicide in 2017, compared with 26. , lesbian, gay, bisexual [LGB], and others who do not identify as completely heterosexual) engage in Most teens in this study describe their sexual orientation as heterosexual and their gender identity as not transgender. One motivation for this investigation is that incidence of sexually transmitted Just the Facts provides information and resources for principals, educators and school personnel who confront sensitive issues involving gay, lesbian and bisexual students. Lesbian, gay, and . Third, within sexual minority youth sub-populations who had Analyses were conducted to compare rates of seriously considering suicide and attempting suicide in the past 12 months among young people ages 13 to 18 in our sample (n = 11,346) to the 2021 YRBS A lot of folks out there find the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual somewhat limiting, and sometimes even degrading. A significant percentage of youths identify themselves as This paper is a systematic review and meta-analysis on sexual orientation identity development milestones among people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or It’s not completely known what causes someone to be lesbian, gay, straight, or bisexual, but your sexual orientation probably started at a very young age. Introduction Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youths experience more violence victimization and suicide risk than heterosexual youths (1 – 3). nlm. xseqf3 xnrxuu qg1jax o7i 0akd cqlz rhsfu6i gv xlk wjeip \